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  • Adventist Resource
    A Century of Growth and Commitment Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 1995-2000 Education Report from the Southern Asia Division (SUD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. The report discusses the advancements and progress made in the following areas: Looking Back; Nursing Schools; Medical Technology Laboratory;...

  • Adventist Resource
    A System in Search of Identity Tertiary-Lifelong
    A historical perspective on SDA higher education and how its current direction has been largely shaped by the results of two identity crises. The results of the first led Adventist colleges to become liberal arts institutions rather than Bible colleges and...

  • Adventist Resource
    A Vision and a Journey - 25 Years of Dialogue Tertiary
    "This journal’s story begins with an ambitious launch, an international perspective, and an expanding roster of authors and readers, with encouraging surprises along the way."

  • Adventist Resource
    Accreditation of On-site and Distance Higher Education in the U.S. and Mexico Tertiary
    This paper is the result of a documentary research, in the format of a Specialization Thesis within the framework of the programs of the University of Murcia, which arose in response to several questions posed by the challenges that distance higher education...

  • Adventist Resource
    Addressing the Needs of the Non-Traditional Learner Lifelong
    Nontraditional learner needs must be addressed by colleges and universities. Higher education has changed due to the fewer students between the ages of 18-22 and the rapidly changing job market, which requires retraining and advanced training. Institutions...

  • Adventist Resource
    Administrator Perceptions of Internet-Based Distance Education in Adventist Colleges and Universities: A Mixed-Method Study Tertiary
    Problem: The quality of Internet-based distance education (IBDE) will increasingly become the standard by which students choose a program as higher educational options multiply due to the dramatic growth in distance education. A system-wide examination of perceptions of IBDE in Adventist higher education is important to administrators for future institutional strategic planning purposes, systemic adoption of policies and practices that promote excellence, and identifying collaborative efforts.

  • Adventist Resource
    Adventist Education Today: Africa-Indian Ocean Division Grade 1-Lifelong
    This JAE article is the 1985 General Conference Africa-Indian Ocean Division education report for 1980-1985. Reports from colleges and universities include Adventist Seminary of West Africa (ASWA), Adventist Missionary College (AMC), and The Adventist University...

  • Adventist Resource
    Adventist Education Today: North American Division Kindergarten-Lifelong
    This article from the 1985 General Conference issue of JAE reports on Adventist education in the North American Division, 1980-1985.

  • Adventist Resource
    Adventist Post-Secondary Institutions Accreditation Status Tertiary-Lifelong
    This list identifies by institution and country all post-secondary institutions recognized and accredited by the Seventh-day Adventist church, along with the year each institution was first accredited and when current accreditation expires.

  • Adventist Resource
    Adventist Virtual Library - IAD Tertiary-Lifelong
    The Adventist Virtual Library (AVL) was created to facilitate access to academic databases for all Seventh-day Adventist educational institutions that are part of the Inter-American Division.

  • Adventist Resource
    All About the Church's New Commission on Higher Education Tertiary-Lifelong
    During the 2000 Annual Council, the General Conference Executive Committee appointed The Commission on Higher Education (CHE). In this article, Garland Dulan shares the CHE progress report on the following areas: academic programs, financial management, strategic...

  • Adventist Resource
    Andrews University Educational Research Index 29 Tertiary-Lifelong
    A report of formal research conducted by students in the School of Education at Andrews University. Some studies may be of importance or interest to teachers, therefore they are made available through the School of Education. This edition of the index references...

  • Adventist Resource
    Are Your Constituents Buying a Pig in a Poke? Tertiary-Lifelong
    Adventist parents, ministers, academy teachers and union executives often don't really know what is happening at the college or university. College and university faculty and administrators should make an effort to reach out to constituents, enhance relationships between the local Adventist and non-Adventist community, and reduce tensions or misunderstandings.

  • Adventist Resource
    AVLN Column: Reflections on How Adventist Higher Education Has Changed In the Past Nine Years Tertiary-Lifelong
    This article outlines 9 specific actions since the first AVLN meeting, and the parameters necessary for collaboration to be successful across North American colleges.

  • Adventist Resource
    B.A.s, M.A.s, and M.U.G.s - A case-study in socio-cultural change Kindergarten-Lifelong
    This case-study of Brisbane Seventh-day Adventists indicates that University education, for these Adventists who experience it, is a significant factor in sociocultural change, since it provides an environment where they may construct and learn dissonant perceptions...

  • Adventist Resource
    Binge Drinking - A New College Epidemic Grade 12
    Alcohol and drug use is a common health problem on college and university campuses. Alan Handysides shares the statistics among college aged young adults, and what it means for the thousands of students attending Christian colleges and Adventist schools. Handysides...

  • Adventist Resource
    Breaking New Ground Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 2000-2005 Education Report from the Trans-European Division (TED) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. Challenges, new buildings, enrollment gains, higher education achievements, in-service for educators, and winning students for Christ...

  • Adventist Resource
    Change and the College Campus: The Process of Changing Institutional Governance Tertiary-Lifelong
    Professors within an Adventist college faced the task of developing a shared process for change. Many issues needed to be tackled, and the process got bogged down in the middle, but by the end a consensus was reached and the pilot program was launched. The...

  • Adventist Resource
    Change, Growth, and Outreach Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 1995-2000 Education Report from the Southern Asia Pacific Division (SSD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. The report discusses the advancements and progress made in the following areas: Developing the SSD Edition of the Journal of...

  • Adventist Resource
    College Composition Revisited: The Right Type of Write Hype Grade 11-Tertiary
    The art of writing has deteriorated and teachers need a stronger grounding in language and literature. Teachers are not interested in teaching writing courses and many are ill-equipped to do so. Guidelines for writing and writing instruction are discussed....

  • Adventist Resource
    Comprehensive Planning in Seventh-day Adventist Colleges and Universities in the United States Tertiary
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the status of planning in Adventist colleges and universities in the United States, and also to determine if significant relationships existed between planning in small and large institutions and between...

  • Adventist Resource
    Developing a Worldwide Extended Campus Program Tertiary-Lifelong
    The development of Loma Linda University's School of Health extension campus programs. The dwindling numbers of the traditional target population of higher education is a reason for innovation, which includes offering some course work at off-campus locations....

  • Adventist Resource
    Dialogue Editorial - Celebrating a Continuing Ministry Tertiary
    "Within the context of that biblical worldview – God-centered, Biblebased, redemptive, and eschatological – Dialogue has ministered to Adventist students in secular campuses, cementing their faith, augmenting their search for...

  • Adventist Resource
    Dialogue Editorial - Introducing the New Director for Campus Ministry Tertiary
    "On behalf of Dialogue, it is my pleasure to welcome and introduce Dr. Jiwan Stefan Moon as the newest member of Adventist Ministry to College and University Students (AMiCUS) and an advisor to Dialogue."

  • Adventist Resource
    Dialogue Editorial: Inspire to be. Empower to share. Tertiary
    In March of 2015, representatives from around the world met at the General Conference headquarters for a Public Campus Ministry (PCM) summit and symposium. "They came to build on more than 60 years of Adventist ministry on public campuses and launch it...

  • Adventist Resource
    Dialogue Editorial: The Power to Serve Tertiary-Lifelong
    "A special temptation for those with advanced or professional degrees of any kind is to turn inward and thereby serve oneself...An education enhances the health and well-being of the whole family and results in higher social status. Along with these things...

  • Adventist Resource
    Different Learning for Different Learners - Adjusting the College Curriculum to Individual Needs Tertiary-Lifelong
    The traditional college curriculum needs re-examination. Students have many different learning styles, and lecturing does not reach all of them. Students need to learn how to assimilate new information in the way that is the most effective to them, whether...

  • Adventist Resource
    Educating Head, Hand, and Heart Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 1985-1990 Education Report from the Africa-Indian Ocean Division presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. Education and redemption are one and the same was the guiding principle during this time. The report discusses statistics, higher...

  • Adventist Resource
    Education, Evangelism, Nurture - A Dean of Education Looks at Current Concerns Kindergarten-Lifelong
    Educators and administrators need to exalt the role of education as a truly evangelistic mission backed by quality academic training and spiritual commitment. The author's convictions regarding Adventist education are that it provides the most sustained, comprehensive...

  • Adventist Resource
    Employee Perceived Communication Effectiveness and Communication satisfaction as related to Job Satisfaction in Higher Education (California) Tertiary-Lifelong
    This study had three central aims: (1) to investigate the association between communication variables and job satisfaction, (2) to increase understanding of the impact of organizational communication on employee satisfaction, and (3) to analyze the communication processes of a church-related institution of higher education, Loma Linda University (LLU).

  • Adventist Resource
    Employing Non-Adventist Professors Tertiary-Lifelong
    Would hiring non-Adventist professors and contract teachers result in a compromise of mission and secularization of Adventist institutions? Richard Osborn asks critical questions to determine whether such hiring practice are unavoidable, necessary, or a 'slippery...

  • Adventist Resource
    Exemplary Adventist Colleges Kindergarten-Lifelong
    This column lists recent awards and notable achievements of Adventist colleges and universities worldwide in the areas of service, academics, and outreach.

  • Adventist Resource
    Factors affecting student enrollment choice - A study of no-shows Tertiary-Lifelong
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to discover and examine the reasons why undergraduate prospective students who were accepted into degree programs at La Sierra University chose not to enroll (no shows). Factors which influenced no shows' decisions...

  • Christian Resource
    Faculty Commons Tertiary-Lifelong
    A ministry of Cru (previously Campus Crusade for Christ), Faculty Commons strives to "help you bring the resources of the university (fellow faculty, grad students, students, and ideas) to the world for the...

  • Adventist Resource
    Financing Church Colleges Tertiary-Lifelong
    For SDA colleges to be financially strong, they should decentralize, be unique and have different funding. Raising money and cutting expenditures are the primary ways to fund higher education. Ways to raise money include higher church subsidies, higher tuition,...

  • Adventist Resource
    Freshmen Retention at Two Seventh-day Adventist Higher Education Institutions Tertiary
    Problem: Information is needed regarding the reasons students attend Seventh-day Adventist higher education institutions, and how these reasons and students' characteristics relate to their decision to remain in college or withdraw. Method:...

  • Adventist Resource
    From Sowing to Reaping: An Undimmed Vision Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 2000-2005 Education Report from the Southern Asia Division (SUD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. Reports on K-12 successes and higher education. Challenges are training Adventist human resources to catch up with the enormous growth...

  • Adventist Resource
    Gloria Diokno - Dialogue with a university lecturer and researcher from the Philippines Grade 11-Lifelong
    Gloria Diokno is a social scientist, a university lecturer, and a researcher. She answers questions for young Adventists, including: "What kind of research do you conduct? Does teaching in a public university create problems for you as an Adventist? How...

  • Adventist Resource
    Growing Adventist Higher Education Without Leaving Our Roots Behind Tertiary-Lifelong
    As schools move beyond the traditional pool of applicants and aggressively pursue international, non-denominational, and non-Adventist students, the need to create a balance between the changing clientele and Adventist roots becomes a crucial issue. Payne...

  • Adventist Resource
    Growth, Outreach, and Innovation Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 2000-2005 Education Report from the Southern Asia-Pacific Division (SSD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. Some countries have seen rapid growth in education due to the vision and generosity of the McNeilus family, Maranatha, and ASI....

  • Adventist Resource
    Guidelines for campus beautification with special reference to Seventh-day Adventist academies and colleges in North America Grade 9-Tertiary
    Problem: Few recognize the potential between campus beautification and the enrichment of the institutional programs or the responsibility role of stewardship for school lands. Often, campus beautification has not been considered an important item in...

  • Adventist Resource
    Hearing the Silence Tertiary-Lifelong
    Adding women's and black studies to the college curriculum helps to fill in the gaps in the traditional curriculum. These studies ask questions such as what is the nature of artistic 'greatness'? What social conditions have enabled artists to pursue their...

  • Adventist Resource
    Improving Measurement and Evaluation in Higher Education Tertiary-Lifelong
    Bandiola provides college educators with researched test-writing tips, and suggestions for preparing students for assessment and evaluation in various forms.

  • Adventist Resource
    INFO Editorial: Forum Tertiary
    In this editorial, Julian Melgosa introduces the reader to this issue of InFo, which features presentations from the AIIAS School of Graduate Studies forum on Quality in Higher Education. The intention of this issue is to present InFo readers with an account...

  • Adventist Resource
    Institutional Activities in International Higher Education: An Assessment of Advancement Strategies Used at Selected Small Church-Related Colleges and Universities Tertiary-Lifelong
    Problem: Small church-related colleges and universities are experiencing financial difficulties. This study assesses the institutional advancement programs at selected Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities. The purpose of this examination...

  • Adventist Resource
    Integrating Faith and Learning in the Physical Sciences Tertiary-Lifelong
    This article from the JAE special science issue posits that the integration of faith and learning should foster a religious faith and provide a setting in which moral dilemmas resulting from scientific progress can be examined. Early scientists pursued science...

  • Adventist Resource
    Is Adventist Education Too Expensive? Tertiary-Lifelong
    An intensive campaign to sell the idea that attendance at denominational schools really is affordable. A summary of the reasons for the increase in tuition costs is presented. Ideas on how Seventh-day Adventist college and university administrators must respond to fulfill their commitment to offer educational opportunity to every qualified application from their constituencies are provided.

  • Adventist Resource
    JAE Editorial: Are You Drawing Pictures? Tertiary-Lifelong
    Some young people believe higher education to be irrelevant, time-consuming, and costly. These are short-sighted views colored by the desire for instant success and the freedom to order one's life according to personal wishes. The classroom teacher can support...

  • Adventist Resource
    JAE Editorial: Educated -- To What End? Tertiary-Lifelong
    Omission of values education from the university curriculum has led to the fracturing of knowledge and unpreparedness to address the issues technology has presented. A worldview of a personal God and Creation-Redeemer is needed to challenge us to better living,...

  • Adventist Resource
    JAE Editorial: Strength Through Unity Tertiary-Lifelong
    Trust and unity within each and among institutions, a shared task based on respect for each other and Christ reflected in the lives of each teacher and administrator should inspire students to enter the field of education. Articles in this issue include:

  • Adventist Resource
    JAE Index - Volume 65 Kindergarten-Grade 12
    This Index to Volume 65 of the Journal of Adventist Education lists all articles and other published items for 2002-2003, except the 'Of Interest to Teachers' column.

  • Adventist Resource
    JAE: Of Interest to Teachers Kindergarten-Lifelong
    This Journal of Adventist Education column features current news, reports, and updates of interest to educators. In this issue: Administrative costs of higher education; elementary curricula similar worldwide; private schools reach out; teens and drugs;...

  • Adventist Resource
    JAE: Of Interest to Teachers Kindergarten-Lifelong
    This Journal of Adventist Education column features current news, reports, and updates of interest to educators. In this issue: Good Grades for U.S. Schools; Multicultural Sensitivity Needed; Value of After-School Programs; Handwriting Troubles; Child...

  • Adventist Resource
    Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Religious Commitment of Full-time University Employees Tertiary
    This study investigated the relationship of job satisfaction and organizational and religious commitment among full time workers at Akra University (a pseudonym) based on a number of demographic factors. Analysis of variance using the Games-Howell procedure...

  • Adventist Resource
    Journey to Excellence - Mission, Curriculum, and Collaboration Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 2000-2005 Education Report from the North American Division (NAD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. The division and union education leadership are processing all policy, relationships, and curriculum development through the mission...

  • Adventist Resource
    Learning Styles and Attitude Towards Online Education in Four Universities in the State of Nuevo León, Mexico Tertiary
    The present research sought to find a relationship between learning styles in university students who study online and their attitude towards online education. It also sought to determine the effects of gender and level of study on attitude towards online...

  • Adventist Resource
    Looking at the Challenges With Hope Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 2000-2005 Education Report from the East-Central Africa Division (ECD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. This division is one of the new territories created by the realignment of the African divisions in 2002. The report lists educationally...

  • Adventist Resource
    Managing Change - Concepts and Approaches Tertiary
    "The difficult challenge that always confronts higher education institutions in their efforts to innovate programs, policies, structure, culture, and the whole educational system as needed, prompted leaders and teachers to understand the basic concept...

  • Adventist Resource
    Marketing Adventist Higher Education: Some Practical Strategies Tertiary-Lifelong
    Marketing is one of the most important keys to helping Adventist higher education survive.

  • Adventist Resource
    Marketing Seventh-day Adventist Higher Education: College-choice Motivators and Barriers Tertiary
    Purpose: Approximately 75% of Seventh-day Adventist college-bound youth do not attend the church's 15 colleges in North America. This study explored the views of Adventist college-bound participants regarding the factors (motivators and barriers) that...

  • Adventist Resource
    Meeting the Needs of the Part-time College Student Tertiary-Lifelong
    Adventist colleges have experienced a dramatic increase in the enrollment of part-time, nontraditional students. However, more than half of North American Adventist colleges have no separate educational programs for these students. Programs at Southwestern...

  • Adventist Resource
    Nurture, Commitment, and Excellence Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 1995-2000 Education Report from the Trans-European Division (TED) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. The TED is comprised of the following regions: Kosovo, Croatia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan. The report discusses the advancements...

  • Adventist Resource
    Observations About Teacher Education Tertiary-Lifelong
    An examination of issues directly related to the preservice education of teachers dealt with in the National Commission on Excellence in Education report "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform." Issues include competency, a grasp...

  • Adventist Resource
    Organizational conflict - its relationship to organizational culture and spiritual maturity of teachers and administrators in selected tertiary schools Tertiary
    This study explored the relationship of organizational conflict to organizational culture and spiritual maturity of teachers and administrators in selected tertiary schools in the Philippines. The organizational conflict model development by Mealiea and Latham...

  • Adventist Resource
    Perceptions of the Role of the Bible Class in Four Christian Liberal Arts Colleges - Considered in the Context of Conflicting Rationales Tertiary
    Problem: The four Seventh-day Adventist senior colleges in Inter-America aim at training Christian professionals who will serve the church either directly on its payroll or indirectly as devoted Christian professional laymen. The colleges are doubly...

  • Adventist Resource
    Reorganization, Economic Pressures, and Adventist Distinctives Kindergarten-Lifelong
    The 2000-2005 Education Report from the South Pacific Division (SPD) presented at the Adventist General Conference Session. The report discusses the following challenging issues and developments: political changes, economic pressures in the Pacific, Adventist...

  • Adventist Resource
    Rustout or Burnout? Tertiary-Lifelong
    A college chair offers some suggestions for department chairs for dealing with success.

  • Adventist Resource
    Sharing Christ Through Technology Kindergarten-Lifelong
    A report on the 2002 Adventist Virtual Learning Network (AVLN) Conference: Sharing Christ Through Technology.

  • Adventist Resource
    Spiritual Experience and the Organizational Commitment of Faculty in Adventist Tertiary Educational Institutions in North Philippines Tertiary
    This study investigated linkages between the spiritual experience and organizational commitment of faculty in Seventh-day Adventist tertiary educational institutions in the North Philippines. In so doing, it sought to contribute to a better theoretical understanding...

  • Adventist Resource
    Taking Off the Training Wheels Tertiary
    Those responsible for delivering college and university education must determine the best way to structure the institution's academic environment to fulfill the mission of Adventist higher education. The authors review Kohlberg's theory of moral development...

  • Adventist Resource
    Teaching Accounting - A Proposal from the Planning Perspective Tertiary
    This article calls attention to the importance and need for faculty planning in the teaching-learning process, and concisely addresses some aspects related to the teaching of accounting science from the perspective of its planning. In this context, some proposals...

  • Adventist Resource
    Tertiary education at Avondale College 1945-1974 Tertiary-Lifelong
    The purpose of this dissertation is to survey the development of tertiary education (1945-1974) at Avondale College, Cooranbong, the senior educational institution of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Australia. In this dissertation it is argued...

  • Adventist Resource
    The Challenge of Change Tertiary-Lifelong
    Colleges and universities are expected to precipitate change. A college must be unique and yet be interdependent with its sponsoring church in terms of philosophy and mission, enrollment of the youth, and financial support. The challenge of change is addressed...

  • Adventist Resource
    The Future of Adventist Higher Education Tertiary-Lifelong
    A board chairman's perspective on the future of Adventist higher education. Issues to be addressed for Adventist education to survive along its chartered lines include: communicating the importance of Christian education, information sharing, enhancing the secondary school relationship, addressing financial dilemmas, cutting operating costs, too many colleges, salaries, and institutional board responsibilities.

  • Adventist Resource
    The Future of SDA Higher Education - A North American College President's Perspective Tertiary-Lifelong
    Adventist higher education has grown in the past 100 years, but the question is whether it has much of a future. These concerns reflect the current decline in enrollment and therefore loss in operating revenue. Finances are the reason why students attend state...

  • Adventist Resource
    The Importance of and Relationship Between Admissions Criteria for Undergraduate Students and the Management of the Office of Admissions in Seventh-day Adventist Institutions of Higher Education Tertiary
    Problem: The selection and admission of undergraduate students involves the admissions office in the responsibility of maintaining; the delicate threefold balance of academic excellence and quality, institutional economic stability, and the provision...

  • Adventist Resource
    The market position of a university relative to an ideal - A study of constituent and faculty perceptions Tertiary
    Problem: Specialists in educational trends forecast declining enrollments for higher education until at least the end of the twentieth century. Because of these forecasts many educators have turned to marketing in an effort to find assistance in meeting...

  • Adventist Resource
    The Missiological Roots of Adventist Higher Education and the Ongoing Tension Between Adventist Mission and Academic Vision Tertiary-Lifelong
    The birth of Seventh-day Adventist higher education [was] filled with tension between the missiological/theological goals of the ecclesiastical leaders who founded it and the academics who operated it. Both had something valuable to contribute, as Knight explores.

  • Adventist Resource
    The Ombudsperson's Role in Higher Education Tertiary-Lifelong
    The role of ombudsperson in Adventist colleges and universities is very recent. An Andrews University's ombudsperson explains the role of the position and its importance in the college and university community.

  • Adventist Resource
    The Relationship of Leadership Characteristics of Academic Deans in Seventh-day Adventist Colleges and Universities to Their Performance Levels as Perceived by Educational Administrators and Faculties Tertiary
    Problem: The research literature in educational administration describes few studies directed toward identifying the relationship of specific characteristics of administrators to their performance levels. Yet such research would be useful in providing...

  • Adventist Resource
    The Role of Faith in God in Administrative Decision-making - a Descriptive Multiple Case Study of Three African-American Christian Women Administrators of American Higher Education Tertiary
    Problem: Faith in God is a phenomenon that is difficult to define. Yet, it can be seen as an attitude of complete trust in God. As Proctor (1995) stated, faith in God is believing that there is a purpose and a power (called God) available to each of...

  • Adventist Resource
    The role, status and qualifications of the chief advancement officer in selected institutions of higher education Tertiary
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to gather data concerning the role status and qualifications of chief advancement officers serving in American private colleges and universities. Specifically, this study collected information relating to personal...

  • Adventist Resource
    Trustee and trusteeship of selected private universities and colleges in the United States of America and Canada Tertiary
    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the demographics, responsibilities and role perceptions of board members in all Universities and Colleges of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Canada and the United States of America. The study dealt...

  • Adventist Resource
    What Do Seventh-Day Adventist Students Need to Know About Science? Tertiary-Lifelong
    This article from the JAE special science issue claims that Adventist science education has the responsibility to guide students into an understanding of the issues involved in the controversy being waged between modern science and the Bible. Adventist educational...

  • Adventist Resource
    Who's In Charge? Observations on Governance In Seventh-day Adventist Higher Education Tertiary-Lifelong
    Adventist historian Greenleaf shares keypoints in Adventist education history regarding issues of governance, and the relationship between church and school administration. The article strives to answer the question, "Will the weight of circumstances...

  • Adventist Resource
    You Can't Tell a School By Its Name Tertiary-Lifelong
    This article from the JAE special higher education issue asks what causes so many colleges and universities that began as Christian institutions to lose their identity. A survey of some possible practical, emotional, and philosophical contributing factors...